Water Treatment in Industrialised India

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Secondary wastewater treatments follow primary treatment processes, and are specially designed to remove biodegradable organic material and organic nitrogen-containing material. This they do by converting ammonia nitrogen to nitrate, and are effective in removing up to 90 percent of the organic matter present in wastewater. The two most commonly used high-rate methods, which enhance the process rate of biological treatment, include:

Suspended growth process units that include variations of activated sludge, oxidation ditches, membrane bioreactors and sequencing batch reactors.

Attached growth process units that include trickling filters, bio-towers and rotating biological contactors.

Advancing TTTowards Better Quality

Advanced wastewater treatment processes are called for when high-quality reclaimed water is desired, and usually follow secondary treatments. Some of the more popular advanced treatments include:

Membrane processes that use pressure to drive wastewater through artificial membranes, and thus separate impurities. These systems are categorised as per the size of the particles rejected by the membranes, or by the molecular weight cut off. These classifications include microfiltration and ultra filtration, which remove biological contaminants.

UV treatment of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), an advanced oxidation technique.

Nitrification, a biological process that converts ammonia nitrogen sequentially to nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen.

Denitrification that completely removes nitrogen from wastewater.

Phosphorus removal through chemical and biological methods.

Coagulation-Sedimentation to remove SS, heavy metals, trace substances and turbidity.

Carbon adsorption to remove metal ions such as cadmium, hexavalent chromium, silver and selenium.

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