Feed Frame Optimization of a MUPS Blend in a Rotary Tablet Press

Technical Insights Feed Frame Optimization of a MUPS Blend in a Rotary Tablet Press

22.02.2022A guest post by Ima

The oral route of drug administration is the most convenient for patients[1] and include single-unit dosage form (SUDF) and multiple-unit dosage form (MUDF)[2]. SUDF are characterized by a single core, which may comprise a neutral core coated with a layer containing the active ingredient, or an active core in which the API is mixed with other excipients[3].

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Ima's Prexima 300 was equipped with a Euro-D turret hosting 27 stations and flat-faced round punches of 13 mm in dimension.
(Source: Ima)

MUDF consist in small particles which are contained in a capsule or a tablet; their most important characteristic is that, being small particles, can more evenly distribute in gastrointestinal tracts[4,5] having less variance in transit time through gastrointestinal tract compared to SUDF. Multi-unit forms, indeed, offer more predictable gastric emptying, which is less dependent on the state of nutrition, a high degree of dispersion in the digestive tract, less absorption variability, and a less risk of dose dumping. As a consequence, high-local drug concentration is generally avoided and local irritation as well. Nevertheless, patient compliance is improved because of ease of swallowing and flexible dose fractionation delivering incompatible drugs or excipient thanks to differences in coating applications[2].

Moreover, MUDF represent an innovative way to introduce drugs with different release profile answering the need of a multi-target approach in treating different diseases. Last but not least, converting a single unit dosage form in MUDF extend the commercial values of a given drug.

Multi-unit pellet system (MUPS) is one of the most popular multi-unit dosage forms that are generally filled into a capsule or compressed with other excipients to form a tablet [6,7]; MUPS tablets (TMUPS) in particular are composed of pellets, uncoated or coated, with a powder phase and excipient necessary to obtain a final and compact tablet.

The drug may be included in the core of the pellet itself (polymeric matrix) or layered on it with suitable excipients for modified release purposes (delayed or sustained). The delayed release is generally achieved using polymers such as methacrylic acid copolymers or HPMC based. Sustained release is obtained by using dedicated polymers (e.g. etilcellulose, Surelease, Colorcon) with different film thicknesses or providing uncoated pellets that act as matrix polymeric systems (e.g. hydrophilic cellulosic matrix). The powder phase generally contains fillers, binders, disintegrants and lubricants.

Innovation on one hand but manufacturing challenging on other: potential polymer-damaging and blend segregation are the most well-known issues. For this reason, only few commercial pharmaceutical TMUPS are available on the market (Table 1).

Table 1: Already existing TMUPS on the market [2].
(Source: Ima)

Ideally, TMUPS should disintegrate rapidly in the gastrointestinal tract guaranteeing same drug release of an uncompressed MUPS powder: compression-induced damages to functional polymer could lead to undesired drug-release with adverse effect and the esthetic-polymer could alter the taste-masking purpose as well. Polymeric coating, indeed, must be protected from cracking when a certain compaction pressure is applied[2].

Concerning segregation tendency, it is necessary to specify that, generally, pellet of MUPS formulation have a particle size distribution included in the 300-2,000 μm and they are present in a percentage of 20-70 %, whereas other excipient have a distributional array smaller than 200 μm. As a result, high differences in particle dimensions occur in potential physical separation during the handling of the blend prior and during tableting. If segregation occurs, the tablet could be produced without the quality required in terms of API homogeneity causing rejection during quality control. Working on the feeding system is mandatory for the manufacturer, supplier to ensure the respect of blend homogeneity and avoid out-of-specification conditions.

The aim of this case study is the feed frame optimization for a MUPS formulation in order to verify process feasibility on a rotary tablet press model i.e. the Prexima 300 (Ima, Italy).

Materials and methods

A MUPS placebo formulation based on a customer already-existing on the market formulation was taken as a reference. It was composed by a pellet of 400 μm as an average dimension and other excipient necessary for compression (Table 2).

Table 2: Final MUPS placebo formulation.
(Source: Ima)

Pellets, supplied by Colorcon UK (Suglets), were coated with etilcellulose based polymers (Surelease, Colorcon) with the addition of blue colorants (FD&C, Colorcon) to simplify the identification of the pellet homogeneity inside the tablet. The pellet coating was performed in a bottom-spray configuration fluid bed equipment (Aria 120, Ima). Final coated pellets were mixed with MCC and magnesium stearate in a tumbler blender with a 25 L bin (Cyclops, Ima) confirming the mixing end-point through NIR spectroscopy application[8,9]. The NIR Instrument used is the Micronir PAT-W from Viavi which is equipped with a 128-pixel Ingaas photodiode array with a wavelength range of: 900 – 1,700 nm (11,111 – 5,882 cm–1).

Subsequently the MUPS blend was loaded in a rotary tablet press (Prexima 300) fastening the bin of the tumbler blender directly onto the tablet press hopper ensuring, at the same time, less vibration.

Prexima 300 was equipped with a Euro-D turret hosting 27 stations and flat-faced round punches of 13 mm in dimension. Punches have even keys than logos both on the upper and lower punch to identify the orientation compared to turret movements (Figure 1).

Figure 1: upper and lower punches logo vs turret rotation direction.

(Source: Ima)

A response surface method (RSM) D.o.E. approach was followed to deeply investigate the influence of each critical-tableting process parameter and evaluate the feasibility: in particular it was selected as critical variables, types of feeder systems (three paddle die feeder (3PDF), two paddle die feeder (2PDF), high die feeder (HDF), standard die feeder (SDF), gravity die feeder (GDF)), type of loading paddle (flat-slanted, increased-volume flat, flat, round, round off-set, V-shape), single paddle speed (15-135 rpm), turret speed (20-80 rpm) as summarized in Table 3.

Table 3: critical tableting process parameters range applied for D.o.E.
(Source: Ima)

Analytically, a specific method was developed to count the percentage of pellet inside each tablet and their concentration deviation. Through the Design Expert Software, results were analyzed by using the Anova method to determine the significant portion of variance. After checking that the model is significant, the different geometric variables (firstly feeder type and then paddle profile) were compared, focusing on the interaction existing for each design point for the same process variables (turret and paddle speed).

To evaluate process reliability and to enforce results obtained with the analytical method, samples were analyzed also from a visual point of view. Pellet distribution on each tablet face was the focus: the presence of logos (Figure 2) allowed to characterize if in a specific face or tablet quarter there was some pellet agglomeration that are not desired for correct distribution.

Figure 2: upper and lower punches logo vs turret rotation direction.

(Source: Ima)

Tablets were produced on the Prexima 300 with the aim of always reaching 500 mg in tablet weight and 8 kN as main compression force (optimized force to avoid pellet coating breaking). Pre-compression chamber, upper punch penetration and loading cam were kept as constant.

Results and discussion

The final mixture was obtained thanks to the smooth and reproducible granulation and mixing step: blending end point was evaluated through the MicroNir Pro 3.0 software by Viavi. The raw spectra were first pretreated by using the 1st Savitzky-Golay Derivative (5 points) and then the Standard Normal Variate on the entire spectral range. Using Moving Block Standard Deviation (Block size: 30), an example of the behavior of the mixing stage (Figure 3) is reported.

Figure 3: Example of one batch Moving Block standard deviation behavior.
(Source: Ima)

Analyzing Figure 3 is straight forward deducing that the homogeneity (minimization under acceptable level the Standard Deviation) is reached both immediately before the addition of the lubricant and in the end of the overall mixing stage. Tableting was possible with all the mechanical configuration applied and weight stability was reached without any issue.

The results obtained were a mix of analytical and visual results: starting with analytical results, it evaluated the discrepancy in terms of pellet concentration expected (43 %) vs founded and Relative Standard Deviation in pellet concentration when analyzing tablets within the same test (Figure 4 and 5).

Figure 4: Interaction plot of pellet concentration vs feeder type. Figure 5: Interaction plot of pellet concentration vs paddle shape.
(Source: Ima)

Figure 4 represents the variance for all the feeder type mounted on the machine with different loading paddle configuration in respect of pellet concentration: it was possible to notice that HDF and PF allowed to obtain values closest to pellet concentration (43 %) with low standard deviation on pellet concentration.

Figure 5 represented one factor plot for pellet concentration variation for different paddle profiles in the analyzed feeder type: flat profile gave the lowest standard deviation around the 43 % that represented the standard.

Visual inspection was the key factor to enforce previous results: concerning feeder type, best results were achieved with HDF (Figure 6) and acceptable ones with standard and prototype die feeder as demonstrated in Table 4.

Table 4: upper and lower tablet surface for different feeder.
(Source: Ima)

Figure 6: High Die Feeder.
(Source: Ima)

The high volume of HDF that can be filled with powder offer to the particles the possibility to be forced less by mechanical parts that can induce segregation.

Same approach for paddles shape, whose design can clearly influence the sort of the process as explained previously[10]. The optimal balance between analytical and visual results were obtained with flat profile that seems to avoid better segregation than round profiles: flat and flat slanted allow to produce tablets with an acceptable pellet distribution as shown in Table 5 (Figure 6).

Table 5: upper and lower tablet surface for different paddle profile.

(Source: Ima)

Single paddle speed has an important influence on results: the position inside the die feeder differences the functionality of each paddle. Paddle on the left, called loading paddle, is more responsible of loading the inside dies whereas the one on the right, called dosing paddle, tends to complete the die filling and scrapes the excess of powder dosed. Setting the loading paddle speed almost twice of the turret speed allows to move the MUPS blend keeping the homogeneity of the blend over time.

The speed of the dosing paddle is related to the back-dosing of the blend inside the feeder: when passing below the feeding system, initially the lower punch is completely down to fill the dies then it goes up to fine-tune the dosage required to obtain the tablet weight.

In this precise moment, the dosing paddle scrapes the powder in excess, back-dosing it inside the feeder: for this reason, considering the presence of particles with different density and particle size, choosing a low speed prevents the undesired scraping phenomenon that concurs in segregation. As predictable, high output in terms of tablet press speed negatively affects the segregation: centrifugal force-phenomena could appear and concur in generating segregation inside dies.

Conclusions

MUPS blend represents a high interest even from machine suppliers. The main reason is the high grade of challenging from the formulation stage (e.g. pellet core, polymeric coating, cushioning excipients) to manufacturing-ability (e.g. feeding, balance between compression force used and pellet integrity and segregation). Avoiding segregation is mandatory for TMUPS manufacturing: correct handling in pre-tableting processes with correct choice in terms of feeding demonstrate the possibility to obtain TMUPS.

High die feeder with flat-profiled paddles offers a prompt solution because the powder is moved gently without affecting its whole homogeneity.

In order to satisfy the TMUPS manufacturing requirement, other measures should be put in practice: low compression force has to be chosen to guarantee the integrity of functional pellet coating and the loading cam has to be near in terms of millimeter to the dosing chamber chosen.

References

[1] M. Helliwell, D. Taylor, Solid oral dosage forms, Prof Nurse, 1993 Feb; 8 (5), 313-7, PMID: 8451252.

[2] C. Tongkai et al., Tablets of multi-unit pellet system for controlled drug delivery, “Journal of Controlled Release”, 262 (2017), 222-231.

[3] N. Debotton, A. Dahan, Application of polymers as pharmaceutical excipients in solid oral dosage forms, Med. Res. Rev. 37 (1) (2017), 52-97.

[4] X. Zhu et al., Preparation of multiple-unit floating-bioadhesive cooperative minitablets for improving oral bioavailability of famotidine in rats, Drug Deliv. 21 (6) (2014), 459-466. [5] J.M. Newton, Gastric emptying of multi-particulate dosage forms, Int. J. Pharm. 395 (1-2) (2010), 2-8.

[6] K.G. Wagner et al., Immediate release multi unit pellet system, WO2013092497A1, (2013).

[7] L. Martinez-Marcos et al., Multiple-unit pellet system for modified drug release,

“Laboratory Journal – Business Web for Users in Science and Industry”, 2012.

[8] F. Giatti, Application of NIR spectroscopy for tablets manufacturing control, https://ima.it/pharma/application-of-nir-spectroscopy-for-tablets-manufacturingcontrol/

[9] G. Mondelli, Cyclops. Blending made by IMA, https://ima.it/pharma/cyclopsblending-made-by-ima/

[10] F. Giatti, Suggestions for choosing an appropriate tablet press feeding system, https://ima.it/pharma/paper/suggestions-for-choosing-an-appropriate-tablet-pressfeeding-system/.

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